HISTORY OF FLIGHT On February 2, 1998, about 0900 eastern standard time, a Cessna 172K, N79588, was destroyed when it struck the ground and burned in Boxborough, Massachusetts, about 1 minute after it departed from the Minute Man Airport (6B6), Stow, Massachusetts. The certificated commercial pilot was fatally injured. Visual meteorological conditions prevailed for the personal flight. No flight plan had been filed for the flight that was conducted under 14 CFR Part 91. A witness reported that he arrived at the airport by private airplane on the evening of February 1, 1998, and his airplane remained outside during the night. When he returned to the airport on the morning of February 2, 1998, about 0830-0845, he observed frost on the wings of his airplane. He saw the accident pilot and talked to him for a few minutes, and then went inside. He did not observe the accident pilot's pre-flight inspection or departure. A witness beyond the departure end of runway 03 was about 45 feet off the ground cutting trees, when he observed the airplane about 50 feet over his head. The engine sounded normal to the witness, and the nose was "bobbing up and down." The airplane passed over a stand of trees, descended below the treetops, started a left turn, and disappeared from view. Another witness observed the airplane as it continued in the left turn. She heard a power reduction, and watched the nose of the airplane drop as it disappeared into tree. She then saw smoke where the airplane had disappeared into the trees. The accident occurred during the hours of daylight at north 42 degrees, 28.82 minutes latitude, and west 71 degrees, 31.15 minutes longitude. PERSONNEL INFORMATION The pilot held a commercial pilot certificate with ratings for airplane single engine land, glider, and instrument airplane. He was issued a Third Class FAA Airman Medical Certificate on August 8, 1997, with a limitation to wear corrective lenses. The pilot's flying logbook was not recovered, and the pilot's recency of experience and flight review could not be determined. According to the pilot's last FAA airman medical application, he listed his total time as 1,800 hours with no flight time in the preceding 6 months. AIRCRAFT INFORMATION The airplane had been refueled with 31 gallons of automotive gasoline before the accident. Examination of the maintenance logbooks revealed a supplemental type certificate (STC) for the use of automobile gasoline. WRECKAGE AND IMPACT INFORMATION The airplane was examined at the accident site on February 2, 1998. The accident site was a wooded area with snow on the ground. On-site examination disclosed broken tree limbs on a 45 degree descending path. The wreckage debris was scattered in the general magnetic direction of 250 degrees. The engine and fuselage came to rest 66 feet beyond the first tree strike. All debris was located within a 100 foot radius of the engine and fuselage. The outboard 10 feet of the left wing was found near the base of the first tree strike. The outboard 8 feet of the right wing was about 30 feet beyond the engine. The cabin and inboard wing panels were consumed by fire. A strong smell of fuel was present at the accident site. The debris and engine were moved to a hangar for further examination. Flight control continuity was not confirmed due to impact damage. All breaks in flight control cables occurred at other than attach points, and the ends of the cables were puffed, similar to tension overload failures. The wing flap jackscrew corresponded to a flaps up position. The elevator trim jackscrew corresponded to a position of elevator tab 10 degrees up. The engine could not be rotated due to a bent propeller flange. However, when disassembled, there was no evidence of bearing wear or internal failure. The spark plugs were sooty, and there was no impact damage to the electrodes. Both magnetos had received impact/fire damage and would not generate spark. The propeller blades were wavy in appearance, and had rotational scoring marks. MEDICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL INFORMATION The toxicological testing report from the FAA Toxicology Accident Research Laboratory, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma was negative for drugs and alcohol for the pilot. An autopsy was conducted by Sarah Thora-Steffesen, MD, of the Massachusetts Medical Examiners Office on February 3, 1998. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Another pilot at the Minute Man Airport reported he arrived after dark on February 1, 1998, in a Piper PA-28, and parked on the ramp area. He reported that frost was present on the top surface of both wings of his airplane, at 0900, the next morning, with the airplane parked in the sun. He estimated the depth of the frost at 1/16 inch. He also commented that he was concerned about the amount of frost and would have removed it from the wings before flight. Examination of the parking area where N79588 was parked, on February 3, 1998, revealed snow on the ground except for the cement pad, which was used for the landing gear. The rungs on a ladder lying on the ground matched the patches of melting ice on the ground. There were no holes in the snow from a ladder, or footprints in the snow. There was no evidence that any anti-icing fluid had been applied to the top surface of the wings. Inspectors from the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), and from the Massachusetts Department of Aeronautics reported frost on the top surface of airplanes at nearby airports about the time of the accident. The 0900 observation at Bedford, Massachusetts, located 10 nautical miles east of Minute Man airport, on a heading of 103 degrees, included high scattered clouds, visibility 5 miles, temperature 25 degrees Fahrenheit, dewpoint 21 degrees Fahrenheit, calm winds, and mist in the air. References to the hazards of frost have been found in advisory circulars (AC) published by the FAA. Following are some references: AC-61-23C - PILOT'S HANDBOOK OF AERONAUTICAL KNOWLEDGE \ CHAPTER 5 - WEATHER \ MOISTURE AND TEMPERATURE \ Dew and Frost "When the ground cools at night, the temperature of the air immediately adjacent to the ground is frequently lowered to the saturation point, causing condensation. This condensation takes place directly upon objects on the ground as dew if the temperature is above freezing, or as frost if the temperature is below freezing." "Dew is of no importance to aircraft, but frost creates friction which interferes with the smooth flow of air over the wing surfaces, resulting in a higher stall speed. Frost should always be removed before flight." AC-00-6A - AVIATION WEATHER \ For Pilots and Flight Operations Personnel \ Part one - WHAT YOU SHOULD KNOW ABOUT WEATHER \ Chapter 10 - ICING \ FROST "...Frost does not change the basic aerodynamic shape of the wing, but the roughness of its surface spoils the smooth flow of air thus causing a slowing of the airflow. This slowing of the air causes early air flow separation over the affected airfoil resulting in a loss of lift. A heavy coat of frost will cause a 5 to 10 percent increase in stall speed. Even a small amount of frost on airfoils may prevent an aircraft from becoming airborne at normal takeoff speed. Also possible is that, once airborne, an aircraft could have insufficient margin of airspeed above stall so that moderate gusts or turning flight could produce incipient or complete stalling...." AC 00-6A - AVIATION WEATHER \ For Pilots and Flight Operations Personnel \ Part One - WHAT YOU SHOULD KNOW ABOUT WEATHER \ Chapter 10 - ICING \ IN CLOSING "...Always remove ice or frost from airfoils before attempting takeoff." Wreckage Release The aircraft wreckage was released to the insurance adjuster, Mr. Daniel S. Klein, on February 3, 1998.