Premium research interface

The modern interface for aviation safety intelligence.

Search investigations, review source evidence, monitor watched reports, and trace long-term patterns from one calm, data-first workspace.

63k+
Reports indexed
1940-2026
Coverage
Recent
Last data refresh
Featured Report

Loading…

Loading featured report…

Loading…
Open Report

Safety trends by operating rule

Track fatal and non-fatal accident patterns across Part 91, Part 135, and Part 121 operations.

Loading trend charts…

Browse the aviation graph

Move quickly by aircraft, airport, operator, and time with indexes built for research, not wandering.

Last Data Update

By Decade

By Month

Aircraft Manufacturer

More manufacturers

Airports

More airports

Operators

More operators

About

Aviation safety reports, made easier to study

NTSB Reports is an independent research and search tool for public aviation accident and incident records. It brings NTSB aviation reports, structured fields, docket files, extracted figures, photos, videos, and update history into one searchable interface.

The goal is practical safety education: make it faster to find relevant investigations, compare similar events, review factual records, and understand the evidence behind probable-cause and preliminary reports.

The investigative work and source records belong to the National Transportation Safety Board and the published investigation record. This site is not affiliated with or endorsed by the NTSB.

FAQs

NTSB Report

September 23, 2002 · Robinson R22B · N2331

Silverado, CA

Overview

Report Status
Final with probable cause
Event Type
Accident
Date
September 23, 2002
Injury Outcomes
No injuries (2 uninjured)
Location
Silverado, CA
Aircraft
Robinson R22B
Tail Number
N2331
Injuries
None
Aircraft Damage
Substantial
NTSB Number
LAX02LA294

During an instructional flight, a forced landing occurred on slopping terrain wherein the main rotor blades contacted the hillside and the tail boom was bent. The certified flight instructor (CFI) and student were operating the helicopter near its maximum certificated gross weight over a 2,900-foot mean sea level hillside, with a density altitude higher than 5,800 feet. The CFI failed to adequately monitor his student's handling of the controls, and the main rotor rpm decreased. Despite the CFI's subsequent efforts at regaining adequate rpm, the low rotor rpm condition continued, which necessitated a forced landing.

NTSB Probable Cause

The student's failure to maintain adequate main rotor rpm, and the flight instructor's inadequate supervision of the flight. Contributing factors were the hilly terrain and the relative high density altitude conditions.

Full Narrative

On September 23, 2002, about 1000 Pacific daylight time, a Robinson R22B, N2331X, impacted hilly terrain during an off-airport forced landing about 4 miles east of Silverado, California. Neither the commercial pilot, who possessed a certificated flight instructor (CFI) certificate, nor the private pilot was injured during the instructional flight. The helicopter was substantially damaged. The helicopter was operated by Helistream, Inc., Santa Ana, California, under the provisions of 14 CFR Part 91. Visual meteorological conditions prevailed at the time, and no flight plan had been filed. The flight originated from Santa Ana about 0945. The operator's manager reported to the National Transportation Safety Board investigator that the CFI's student was, in part, practicing landings. During approach in a confined mountainous area, low main rotor rpm was experienced and the CFI took over the controls. The terrain elevation was about 2,900 feet mean sea level. Despite the CFI's efforts, he was not able to regain rotor rpm. The helicopter touched down on slopping terrain short of the intended helipad. During the touchdown sequence, the main rotor blades contacted the hillside, and the helicopter's fuselage yawed about 360 degrees before coming to rest in an upright attitude with a bent tail boom. In the CFI's completed accident report, he indicated that during the approach he heard the low rotor rpm horn. Immediately thereafter, he looked at the rotor rpm gauge and lowered the collective while rolling on the throttle. The CFI stated that the rpm did not increase. Then, he added a "large amount of throttle while (again) lowering the collective, but the rpm continued to steadily decrease." The CFI also indicated that in the vicinity of the accident site the outside air temperature was about 95 degrees Fahrenheit. The wind was calm. No mechanical malfunctions or failures were reported with the helicopter. Federal Aviation Administration airman certificate and medical documents dated July and August 2002, indicate that the CFI and the private pilot's combined weights were approximately 358 pounds. The CFI reported that 23 gallons of fuel were on board upon takeoff for the accident flight. The operator stated that the helicopter was flying near its maximum certificated gross weight. Based upon the atmospheric conditions provided by the CFI/operator, the density altitude was calculated to be in excess of 5,800 feet.

Flight

Event TypeAccident
Event Time10:00 PDT
Nearest Airport0nm
Flight Plan FiledNone
Flight Plan ActivatedNo
Aircraft FireNo
Aircraft ExplosionNo

Aircraft

AircraftRobinson R22B
Tail NumberN2331
Aircraft CategoryHeli
DamageSubstantial
Operating RulePart 91
Engines1
Engine TypeReciprocating
Engine DetailsLycoming · O-320-B2C · Reciprocating · 131
Seats2

People & Injuries

Injury SummaryNo injuries (2 uninjured)
Fatal0
Serious0
Minor0
Uninjured2
Total2
Crew 1Age 26 · Second Class · None
Crew 2Age 23 · Third Class · None

Conditions

ConditionsVMC
LightDaylight
Wind300° @ 3 kt
Visibility10 sm
CeilingNone
Temperature / Dew Point48
Altimeter29.87 inHg
Observation Time16:53
Weather SourceWFAC

Appendix: Source Data